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Recap: Davos Sprint Con’t

One of the interesting things we can look at with sprint races is differences between the various heats themselves, rather than individual skiers.  Interestingly, reconstructing this information, namely who was in what quarterfinal or semifinal, using just the split times took a little bit of thought.  Not a monumental challenge, but it was a bit trickier than my average graph.

Let’s start with the quarterfinals:

Men's quarterfinals; Davos WC sprint.

This graph tracks the members of each quarterfinal through the entire sequence of heats.  I’m still tinkering a little with the y-xis.  Rather than plotting everything relative to the fastest time of the day, I’m plotting them relative to the median time from the whole day.  The stats geek in me finds this more appropriate, but it doesn’t really change much.  The relative differences between each skier will be the same, but the interpretation is slightly different: 0% is the median skier, not the fastest.

Federico Pellegrino (the big winner in qualification and loser in the final) certainly did get quite lucky with a slow, slow, slow quarterfinal (red).  Quarterfinal 5 was probably the next easiest, at least in terms of competitiveness.  (Keep in mind that these graphs don’t tell us anything about crashes or other “extraneous events”, that can sometimes account for the speed of a heat.)

On the other hand, the women didn’t see such a stark difference between the quarterfinals:

Women's quarterfinals; Davos sprint.

Once again, these are the raw times, so this doesn’t reflect Kowalczyk’s relegation to 6th place in the final.  So that pair of dueling orange lines are Kowalczyk and Randall.

I think the most interesting quarter here is #4 (purple) where only Majdic made it all the way to the final thanks to lucky loser status.  So far this season it seems like Majdic has consistently been present in the sprints, but hasn’t really put anything impressive together in a final.

How about the semifinals: Continue reading ›

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Recap: Davos Sprint

Once again thanks to Jan at WorldofXC.com for providing the split time data for the sprint races on Sunday.  Very different developments of heat times in this race compared to the last two sprint races.  Let’s check out the women first:

Note that these are just the raw times from the heats, so it does not reflect the fact that Kowalczyk was bumped down to 6th for a lane violation near the finish.  In Davos the qualification round was the slowest by a large margin.  Nearly everyone picked up the pace in the quarters and then again in the semis, which saw the fastest time of the day.  Finally the pace eased off, bot only a bit, for the final.

Jacobsen managed a fairly easy pace in for the prelims and the quarters but was well off the pace by the time the final rolled around.  On the other hand, Majdic was putting up consistently fast time and while she hung on in the final better than Jacobsen, she also faded a bit towards the end.

Compared to Randall, Majdic and Kowalczyk, both Björgen and Follis had fairly easy quarters, but then offset that rest with an extremely fast semi.

Having just watched the final, it seemed like skis might have been a factor.  It appeared to me that Björgen’s skis were running a little bit better than the others, and with a nice big downhill in that course that can make a huge difference.

As for the men: Continue reading ›

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Davos Recap: Distance – North Americans

This recap is going to be fairly short.  I’m going to pass over Kris Freeman and Kikkan Randall, since neither had spectacular races but in neither case does it seem particularly significant to me.  Freeman reportedly was recovering from a cold and still managed a decent, but unimpressive race.  Randall had a legitimately bad race, but after a string of significantly improved distance results from her, it doesn’t surprise me to see her come back to earth a bit.  Also, she tweeted that she actually held back on that effort a bit to save herself for Sunday’s sprint race, which makes perfect sense for her, I think, and certainly seemed to pay off.

The Canadians, in what is becoming a tiring refrain this season, were a bit of a mixed bag.  Devon Kershaw had a solid race (9th) and George Grey perhaps shook off his early season struggles for a decent result (32nd).  Ivan Babikov, who is a stronger skater, had a race that was somewhat below average overall (38th) but actually fairly normal for a classic race for him.  But that’s by FIS points; here’s another view just using rank:

The red is Saturday’s classic race.  Babikov is the only one of these three whose results look seriously out of line with the past.  This might be another lesson in how much the Olympics dominate our field of vision in skiing.  The Canadian men skied so well and got so much attention from their results in Vancouver last year that it’s easy to forget how often these guys were outside the top 20-30 even just last year.  It’s a brutal game, the game of expectations.

Sadly, things aren’t getting much better it seems for Liz Stephen or Morgan Arritola.  Their points from this race certainly look bad, but let’s be cautious since there was such a huge gap from the winner to the field.  For a more comprehensive view, we’ll go back to the percent back difference plots:

Difference in % Back between Stephen and the field.

Difference in % back between Arritola and the field.

Both of these ladies were far enough back in this race that I decided to compare them to the entire field of racers.  As always, each dot represents an instance of them skiing against one of the athletes from the race in Davos.  Positive values mean they lost (bad) and negative values mean they won (good).  The red line is the median for each season and the red dot is the median for just Davos (blue).

In both cases things look about the same as what they’ve done overall this season, which isn’t all that great.  Liz Stephen had a decent race back in Gällivare (25th) but that’s about it.  What’s worse is that they actually seem to be doing slightly worse compared to last season, although there’s plenty of season left for them to turn that around.  I for one will be very interested to see how they fare against a domestic field later this season.

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Do The Japanese Prefer Classic Skiing?

In my race recap for the Davos distance race I noted the strong performance of Masako Ishida, and pointed out what an extreme classic specialist she is.  A certain world famous XC skiing journalist wanted to know if the conventional wisdom he’d heard was correct, that Japan’s skiers typically do better in classic skiing overall.

This was particularly fun to tackle, since it turned out to be a situation where simply graphing the data in a clever way wasn’t enough.  We actually have to do statistics!  Woo hoo!  Don’t worry, though, while the techniques I ended up using for this analysis are fairly sophisticated, the results are pretty easy to understand and explain.

I’ll start with my first pass:

My first thought when approaching this kind of question is always to simply throw the data up on a graph and see what I can see.  So this is all of Japan’s WC, WSC and OWG results back to 1992.  Note that I’ve plotted rank, not FIS points, to keep the distance and sprint panels on the same scale.

The classic preference is clear in recent years on the women’s side, but since we already know that Masako Ishida has a monster proclivity for classic skiing, this could just be due to her results.  And other than the recent results for the women, it’s tough to make out any obvious patterns.  That’s because this graph treats all of Japan’s results from every athlete as a single group.  But clearly different skiers will have different abilities in skating vs. classic.  So we need a way to look at each individual skier’s races.  The problem is that there are more than 20 Japanese skiers (in my database at least) with a fair number of WC starts.  Can you imagine looking at a similar graph but with more than 40 panels (distance and sprint for each athlete)?  That wouldn’t be very illuminating, I think.

One option would be to artificially limit myself to a small number of skiers, but then our answer would apply only to those skiers we picked, not all of Japan’s skiers.  If we really want a good answer to this question we really need to include as much data as possible.

The solution is to use a model (gasp!).  In particular, a hierarchical linear model.  I’m not going to bore people with a detailed description of how this worked; if you’re really curious ask questions in the comments.  The bottom line is that this tool allows me to estimate the difference in results performance both overall and for each skier individually at the same time (by doing both at the same time, it often does a better job at each).

I probably could have squeezed this all into a single model, but I decided it would be easier to explain to folks if I modelled sprint and distance races separately.  That also allows me to use FIS points as a measure for distance races and rank for sprinting, which makes somewhat more sense anyway.

In distance races Japanese skiers (men and women) tend to ski about 3.49 FIS points slower in freestyle races (95% CI -1.75,8.73).  That little parenthetical just now meant that the 95% confidence interval for this effect ranges from -1.75 FIS points to 8.73 FIS points.  Since this interval includes zero, we would typically say that this does not meet the threshold for “statistical significance”, meaning that we can’t say with much confidence that the real difference isn’t actually zero.  Also, 3.49 FIS points is not a very large difference in practical terms.

But remember that this fancy-shmancy model I’m using doesn’t just estimate the overall effect, it also estimates this difference for each individual skier.  The following graph displays the results, along with their associated 95% confidence intervals: Continue reading ›

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Davos Recap: Distance

I’ll have a separate post covering some of the North Americans tomorrow.  As usual, the choice of athletes to focus on is whatever strikes my fancy.  If you have suggestions/requests after each race, let me know in the comments of the race snapshot posts.

The first thing I want to note about Saturday’s distance races is that, for an interval start race, the results were slightly unusual.  Only slightly unusual for the men, but more so for the women.  On the men’s side, the field seemed pretty closely packed near the front, which is more typical of a mass start race.  For the women, we had another race with a handful of skiers way off the front created some interesting points situations further back.

Here, let me show you:

Continue reading ›

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Race Snapshot: Davos WC Sprint

Solid day for North America with 5 in the heats, and of course Kikkan’s second sprint podium of the season.  Just watched the video of the women’s final and there’s no question Kowalczyk changed lanes when she wasn’t supposed to.  Definitely hindered Randall, but I’m not sure she would have caught Follis.

Continue reading ›

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Race Snapshot: IBU WC 2 Women’s Pursuit

Helena Ekholm, back on top; tough day on the range for the Americans (and Magdalena Neuner).

Continue reading ›

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